Fed Up

A few days ago I started watching a documentary called Fed Up that recently appeared on Netflix. I saw the trailer last year and I couldn't wait for the documentary to come out (I put the trailer below). I've seen several documentaries about the effect food, particularly American food, has on our country's collective health. Most of these discussed sugar and it's omnipresence in the American diet, but Fed Up is the first one I've seen that is all about sugar. It is narrated by Katie Couric, directed by Stephanie Soechtig (known for GMO OMG), and produced by Laurie David, producer of An Inconvenient Truth.

I'm writing this post mainly to recommend the documentary to those interested, rather than to review it. Like I said, it's available to watch on Netflix and I think Vimeo also has the whole documentary here. For those who are not interested or don't have time to watch, I will highlight some important points below. 

The label on the right shows the total amount of sugars, calories, and sodium in a
bottle of Coca Cola. From the blog Food Politics by Marion Nestle. 

• In the U.S., 93 million Americans are obese--this is roughly one-third of the country. A lot of these cases can be attributed to consumption of sugary drinks (though diet soda is just as harmful). 
• Sugar is silent but deadly: every time you ingest sugar, it triggers a spike in insulin levels that convert sugar into fat so your body can store it. Also it is highly addictive, 7 times more than cocaine.
• People should only consume about 6 teaspoons of sugar (about 25 grams) every day, but most Americans consume about 153 grams of sugar daily. This isn't very hard to do, since a can of coke has about 39 grams of sugar. 
• While it is certainly important to exercise and not to take in significantly more calories than you spend, weight loss is not that simple. The food you eat to get those calories really does matter. I wrote more about this in a post some months ago.  
• Obesity is a disease of poverty, meaning that is disproportionately affects lower-income families. Oftentimes these families are minorities. 
• Children are targeted by the food industry even more than adults through advertisements for sugary and fatty foods and drinks on kids' channels. Latino children are even more exposed; they seem about 50% more of these ads on Spanish-language television. 
• The U.S. food industry (Big Food, as it is often called) has done everything they can to make sure they don't lose profits. This is by far the most frustrating part of the documentary. The health of its population should be a country's priority, but sadly that doesn't seem to be the case in the U.S.. 

I would also like to point you to a blog about the same issues, aptly named Food Politics, by Marion Nestle. 

Calories

Fewer calories = healthier?

Just before writing this post I had some ice cream, and I noticed that on the carton was a little label claiming that Edy's french vanilla ice cream has 1/3 the calories of other ice cream. Presumably, Edy's chose to advertise that fact so more people would pick their ice cream. After all, it has less calories, so it must be healthier, right?

Lately, it seems that more and more people see calories as the enemy to weight loss and believe they must be avoided as much as possible. Various studies have shown that when given the choice people tend to choose lower calorie meals in favor of higher calorie ones, regardless of what's in the food. In the simplest terms, a calorie is simply a measurement of heat, or energy. As most high school students who have taken a health, chemistry, or biology class know, a calorie is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water one degree celsius. A kilocalorie, or Calorie with a capital "C," is the energy needed to raise one kilogram of water one degree, and this is actually the unit we see on nutrition labels. That being said, calories are essential for proper body functions because they power everything from the beating of our heart to the firing of neurons across our nervous system.

So if calories are really a neutral term and integral to bodily functions, how come they have such a negative connotation in our culture? Eating fewer of them is associated with losing weight and being skinny and attractive (body image is a whole other discussion), while eating lots of calories is associated with being heavier and unhealthy. People who are trying to lose weight are advised to "balance their calorie intake", making sure that the calories they take in are less than the amount of calories they would use in a day. This system would put them at a calorie "deficit", forcing their bodies to turn to stored energy, or fat (which also has a horrible reputation) in order to start depleting those stores.

Both meals have the same calorie amount, but the one
on the left is nutrient dense. 

I'm not a nutritionist, but after plenty of research I think it's safe to say that the calorie counting approach, as well as how our culture views calories as a whole, is quite misled. In fact, counting calories can lead to other health risks, such as orthorexia nervosa. Though not recognized as a clinical disorder by the DSM-5, it is characterized by an obsessive fixation on healthy eating that can be fueled by meticulous calorie counting. And if a dieter considers only the amount of calories in a food, then it would seem that 500 calories of cookies is the same as 500 calories of carrots, and we know that's not true.

The fact is that not all calories are created equal, and so calorie counting oversimplifies concepts like weight gain and obesity. Weight loss is subject to a slew of other factors, from stress level and lack of sleep to genetics and the kind of foods you're eating, which means that it actually does matter in which form a calorie is ingested. Empty calories, or those that come from the simple sugars in a cookie, can actually lead to fat retention, while calories from the carrots are nutrient dense and beneficial. Unfortunately, the American diet today is permeated with empty calories contained in processed foods and refined carbohydrates. Cutting the discussion off at the shallow calorie level ignores nutritional requirements and complex chemical interactions inside the human body.

At the end of the day, it doesn't really matter how many fewer calories my ice cream has compared to other brands. Ice cream will be ice cream, and will probably never count as a healthy choice. Of course, that might not stop people (such as myself) from enjoying it, but at least when we do want to make a healthy choice, we should understand the need to be looking beyond just calories.